Netanyahu: Master Politician Fighting for Survival

Benjamin Netanyahu has ruled as Israel's prime minister for a record 12 consecutive years, partly by convincing many voters that only he can keep the Jewish state safe while defending it on the world stage.

But on Tuesday, the wily 71-year-old failed to achieve a conclusive result in his fourth re-election contest in less than two years, according to exit polls published by Israel's leading three broadcasters.

The polls indicated that this master political survivor, widely known as Bibi, was between seven to eight seats short of the necessary 61-seat parliamentary majority.

If the exit polls reflect the final results, support for Netanyahu's Likud has dipped from its previous result of 36 seats despite his clinching historic normalisation agreements with four Arab states and unrolling a world-beating Covid-19 vaccination campaign. 

One reason Netanyahu's political standing remains fragile is that his dealings with coalition partners are so often undermined by mistrust, said Colin Shindler, a leading Israel scholar at London's SOAS University. 

Netanyahu has a tendency to "pretend to forge friendships and alliances" with partners only as long as they are useful to him, said Shindler, author of "The Rise of the Israel Right: from Odessa to Hebron".

Yet -- despite being the first sitting Israeli premier indicted while in office over corruption allegations, which he denies -- Netanyahu may well survive the ballot box again. 

That is because part of the electorate still sees him as the safest pair of hands to guide the nation, Shindler said.  

"That's the reason he's still in power. He's the national goalkeeper and he doesn't let in any goals."

- Shaped by father and brother - 

Netanyahu is the son of a historian who was active in right-wing Zionist groups, an ideological inheritance that helped shape the premier's political career. 

Addressing the World Holocaust Forum last year, Netanyahu said the Jewish people must "always take seriously the threats of those who seek our destruction".

He warned Israelis "to confront threats even when they are small and, above all, to always have the power to defend ourselves by ourselves". 

An occasional cigar smoker with a husky voice and greying comb-over, the broad, burly and square-jawed Netanyahu has two sons with his wife Sara and a daughter from a previous marriage. 

His brother, Yonatan, was the only Israeli soldier killed in a 1976 commando raid to free hostages at Uganda's Entebbe airport.

Netanyahu called the event, which marked him deeply, "a very dramatic national experience" and "one of great personal consequence".

He was raised partly in the United States and graduated from the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

His fluent English made him a fixture on US television, defending Israeli policies through the late 1980s and early 1990s, exposure that raised his profile both at home and abroad. 

A sceptic of the Oslo Peace Accords, Netanyahu became Likud's leader in 1993 and led the party to victory as Israel's youngest-ever prime minister in 1996, aged 46. 

He lost power in 1999, but regained it 10 years later and has not relinquished it since. 

- Jewish people's 'chief defender' -

Netanyahu has not engaged in substantive peace talks with the Palestinians while overseeing a boom of Jewish settlement expansion in the occupied West Bank. 

He frequently cites the risks Israel faces from the Lebanese Shiite Muslim group Hezbollah and has called Iran's regime the greatest threat to the Jewish people since Nazi Germany.

Thwarting Iran's alleged nuclear weapons programme has become a centrepiece of his foreign policy. 

In one of the most controversial diplomatic episodes of his tenure, Netanyahu addressed a joint session of the US Congress in 2015 without having been invited by then-president Barack Obama to condemn Obama's nuclear negotiations with Iran. 

Netanyahu's "vision of himself as the chief defender of the Jewish people against calamity allowed him to justify almost anything that would keep him in power," Obama wrote in his presidential memoir, "A Promised Land".

Following three inconclusive elections in 2019 and 2020, Netanyahu agreed to a unity government with his rival, the centrist Gantz. 

The three-year coalition formed in May called for Netanyahu to hand power to Gantz after 18 months.

But experts on Netanyahu widely predicted he would find a way to sink the coalition before allowing Gantz to become prime minister. 

And, as a deadline approached to either pass a government-saving budget or let it collapse, forcing a fourth election, Netanyahu baulked. 

By Tuesday, Gantz's party was predicted to shrink to between seven and eight seats.